Becoming a creative city: perspectives from Augustus’ Rome     

Eleonora Redaelli 《Urban geography》2013,34(4):608-623

The creative city discourse has been shaping cultural policy worldwide. Among the multifaceted goals highlighted by scholars, one aspect that is not thoroughly emphasized is the understanding of creative cities in terms of culture-centric approaches to foster city cohesion. In this paper, I study the value of focusing the idea of the creative city to integrate diverse communities in a historic context: the city of Rome during the reign of Augustus. The aim is to provide a broader historic frame of reference to better articulate the function of the creative city discourse. Through the analysis of primary and secondary literature in Ancient Studies, I highlight three aspects of Augustus’ remaking of Rome: integration, spectacles, and beauty. From these aspects, what emerges is the idea of a creative city as a vital and spectacular place that offers access to arts and culture involving the diversity of the population, presenting a wide range of art forms, and enhancing the beauty of the built space.  相似文献   

A probabilistic approach for the classification of earthquakes as ��triggered�� or ��not triggered��     

Luigi Passarelli  Francesco Maccaferri  Eleonora Rivalta  Torsten Dahm  Elias Abebe Boku 《Journal of Seismology》2013,17(1):165-187

The occurrence time of earthquakes can be anticipated or delayed by external phenomena that induce strain energy changes on the faults. ??Anticipated?? earthquakes are generally called ??triggered??; however, it can be controversial to label a specific earthquake as such, mostly because of the stochastic nature of earthquake occurrence and of the large uncertainties usually associated to stress modelling. Here we introduce a combined statistical and physical approach to quantify the probability that a given earthquake was triggered by a given stress-inducing phenomenon. As an example, we consider an earthquake that was likely triggered by a natural event: the M?=?6.2 13 Jan 1976 Kópasker earthquake on the Grímsey lineament (Tj?rnes Fracture Zone, Iceland), which occurred about 3?weeks after a large dike injection in the nearby Krafla fissure swarm. By using Coulomb stress calculations and the rate-and-state earthquake nucleation theory, we calculate the likelihood of the earthquake in a scenario that contains only the tectonic background and excludes the dike and in a scenario that includes the dike but excludes the background. Applying the Bayes?? theorem, we obtain that the probability that the earthquake was indeed triggered by the dike, rather than purely due to the accumulation of tectonic strain, is about 60 to 90?%. This methodology allows us to assign quantitative probabilities to different scenarios and can help in classifying earthquakes as triggered or not triggered by natural or human-induced changes of stress in the crust.  相似文献   

Major and Trace Element Characteristics of Apatites in Granitoids from Central Kazakhstan: Implications for Petrogenesis and Mineralization   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Mingjian CAO  Guangming LI  Kezhang QIN  Eleonora Yusupovha SEITMURATOVA  Yongsheng LIU 《Resource Geology》2012,62(1):63-83

This paper presents abundances of major and trace elements of apatites in granitic rocks associated with different types of ore deposits in Central Kazakhstan on the basis of electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Our results demonstrate that the concentrations and ratios of elements in apatites from different granitoid rocks show distinct features, and are sensitive to magma evolution, petrogenetic and metallogenetic processes. Apatites in the rocks associated with Mo‐W deposits have high content of F and MnO, low content of Cl, which may be indicative of sedimentary sources, while apatites from a Pb‐Zn deposit show relatively high content of Cl and low F content, which possibly suggest a high water content. In these apatites, Sr contents decrease, while Mn and Y contents increase with magma evolution. This relationship reflects that these elements in apatites are related with the degree of magmatic differentiation. Four types of REE patterns in apatites are identified. Type 1 character of highest (La/Yb)_N in apatites of Aktogai porphyry Cu‐Mo deposit, Sayak‐I skarn Cu deposit and Akzhal skarn Pb‐Zn depposit is likely produced by the crystallization of heavy REE‐enriched minerals. Type 2 character of upward‐convex light REE in apatite of Aktogai porphyries likely results from La‐enriched mineral crystallization. Type 3 feature of Nd depletion in apatites of East Kounrad and Zhanet deposits both from Mo‐W deposits primarily inherits the character of host‐rock. Type 4 apatites of Aktogai deposit and Akshatau W‐Mo deposit with wide range of REE contents may suggest that apatites crystallize under a wide temperature range. Three types of apatite with distinct redox states are identified based on Eu anomaly. The Aktogai apatite with slight negative Eu anomaly displays the most oxidized state of the magma, and the apatites of other samples at Aktogai, East Kounrad and Akzhal with moderate negative Eu anomaly show moderate oxidizing condition of these rocks, while the remaining apatites with strong En anomaly indicate a moderate reductive state of these rocks.  相似文献   

Olivine or impact melt: Nature of the “Orange” material on Vesta from Dawn     

Lucille Le Corre  Vishnu Reddy  Nico Schmedemann  Kris J. Becker  David P. O’Brien  Naoyuki Yamashita  Patrick N. Peplowski  Thomas H. Prettyman  Jian-Yang Li  Edward A. Cloutis  Brett W. Denevi  Thomas Kneissl  Eric Palmer  Robert W. Gaskell  Andreas Nathues  Michael J. Gaffey  David W. Mittlefehldt  William B. Garry  Holger Sierks  Christopher T. Russell  Carol A. Raymond  Maria C. De Sanctis  Eleonora Ammanito 《Icarus》2013

NASA’s Dawn mission observed a great variety of colored terrains on asteroid (4) Vesta during its survey with the Framing Camera (FC). Here we present a detailed study of the orange material on Vesta, which was first observed in color ratio images obtained by the FC and presents a red spectral slope. The orange material deposits can be classified into three types: (a) diffuse ejecta deposited by recent medium-size impact craters (such as Oppia), (b) lobate patches with well-defined edges (nicknamed “pumpkin patches”), and (c) ejecta rays from fresh-looking impact craters. The location of the orange diffuse ejecta from Oppia corresponds to the olivine spot nicknamed “Leslie feature” first identified by Gaffey (Gaffey, M.J. [1997]. Icarus 127, 130–157) from ground-based spectral observations. The distribution of the orange material in the FC mosaic is concentrated on the equatorial region and almost exclusively outside the Rheasilvia basin. Our in-depth analysis of the composition of this material uses complementary observations from FC, the visible and infrared spectrometer (VIR), and the Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector (GRaND). Several possible options for the composition of the orange material are investigated including, cumulate eucrite layer exposed during impact, metal delivered by impactor, olivine–orthopyroxene mixture and impact melt. Based on our analysis, the orange material on Vesta is unlikely to be metal or olivine (originally proposed by Gaffey (Gaffey, M.J. [1997]. Icarus 127, 130–157)). Analysis of the elemental composition of Oppia ejecta blanket with GRaND suggests that its orange material has ∼25% cumulate eucrite component in a howarditic mixture, whereas two other craters with orange material in their ejecta, Octavia and Arruntia, show no sign of cumulate eucrites. Morphology and topography of the orange material in Oppia and Octavia ejecta and orange patches suggests an impact melt origin. A majority of the orange patches appear to be related to the formation of the Rheasilvia basin. Combining the interpretations from the topography, geomorphology, color and spectral parameters, and elemental abundances, the most probable analog for the orange material on Vesta is impact melt.  相似文献   

Vesta's mineralogical composition as revealed by the visible and infrared spectrometer on Dawn     

M. Cristina De Sanctis  Eleonora Ammannito  M. Teresa Capria  Fabrizio Capaccioni  Jean‐Philippe Combe  Alessandro Frigeri  Andrea Longobardo  Gianfranco Magni  Simone Marchi  Tom B. McCord  Ernesto Palomba  Federico Tosi  Francesca Zambon  Francesco Carraro  Sergio Fonte  Y. J. Li  Lucy A. McFadden  David W. Mittlefehldt  Carle M. Pieters  Ralf Jaumann  Katrin Stephan  Carol A. Raymond  Christopher T. Russell 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2013,48(11):2166-2184

The Dawn spacecraft mission has provided extensive new and detailed data on Vesta that confirm and strengthen the Vesta–howardite–eucrite–diogenite (HED) meteorite link and the concept that Vesta is differentiated, as derived from earlier telescopic observations. Here, we present results derived by newly calibrated spectra of Vesta. The comparison between data from the Dawn imaging spectrometer—VIR—and the different class of HED meteorites shows that average spectrum of Vesta resembles howardite spectra. Nevertheless, the Vesta spectra at high spatial resolution reveal variations in the distribution of HED‐like mineralogies on the asteroid. The data have been used to derive HED distribution on Vesta, reported in Ammannito et al. (2013), and to compute the average Vestan spectra of the different HED lithologies, reported here. The spectra indicate that, not only are all the different HED lithologies present on Vesta, but also carbonaceous chondritic material, which constitutes the most abundant inclusion type found in howardites, is widespread. However, the hydration feature used to identify carbonaceous chondrite material varies significantly on Vesta, revealing different band shapes. The characteristic of these hydration features cannot be explained solely by infalling of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites and other possible origins must be considered. The relative proportion of HEDs on Vesta's surface is computed, and results show that most of the vestan surface is compatible with eucrite‐rich howardites and/or cumulate or polymict eucrites. A very small percentage of surface is covered by diogenite, and basaltic eucrite terrains are relatively few compared with the abundance of basaltic eucrites in the HED suite. The largest abundance of diogenitic material is found in the Rheasilvia region, a deep basin, where it clearly occurs below a basaltic upper crust. However, diogenite is also found elsewhere; although the depth to diogenite is consistent with one magma ocean model, its lateral extent is not well constrained.  相似文献   

The edge dislocation problem in a layered elastic medium   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Eleonora Rivalta  Walter Mangiavillano  Maurizio Bonafede 《Geophysical Journal International》2002,149(2):508-523

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On strike-slip faulting in layered media   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Maurizio Bonafede  Beatrice Parenti  Eleonora Rivalta 《Geophysical Journal International》2002,149(3):698-723

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Theoretical analysis of X-ray absorption near-edge structure in forsterite, Mg2SiO4-Pbnm, and fayalite, Fe2SiO4-Pbnm, at room temperature and extreme conditions     

Ziyu Wu  Annibale Mottana  Augusto Marcelli  Calogero Rino Natoli  Eleonora Paris 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1996,23(3):193-204

We calculated the forsterite Mg K-edge and the fayalite Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectra both for the M 1 and M 2 sites and for the overall edge by using the one-electron multiple-scattering theory. The validity of the theoretical model is well illustrated by comparison of calculations with experimental data at the Mg K-edge of MgO (periclase) and at the Mg and Fe K-edges spectra of forsterite and fayalite. Starting from these results at room conditions, we calculated the Mg and Fe K-edges X-ray absorption spectra of forsterite and fayalite at low and high temperatures and at high pressures as well. Variations of fine structures occur mostly in the intermediate multiple scattering (IMS) regions and as a result of the applied pressure. In order to demonstrate the capability of XAS to lead to deeper knowledge of structure relevant to Earth's upper mantle we also attempted calcuating the high-P edge for Fe ²⁺ in low-spin using a different occupation of valence electrons. If a change in spin state really occurs in fayalite, our simple model shows that XAS would evidence it easily even with low resolution.  相似文献   

Studies on the contribution of some geological factors to seismic hazard     

Eleonora Spânoche 《Natural Hazards》1990,3(3):261-264

The present study is primarily meant to make a separation of the amplification effects in the intensity distribution within the macroseismic field function of their different causes, i.e. the activation of some regional tectonic lines during the seismic motion and local seismogeological conditions.With this end in view, the methodology used consists of filtering the direct macroseismic observations by means of the weighted mean-values method and outlining the regional and local field anomalies.The regional anomaly map of the macroseismic field of the 4 March 1977 Vrancea earthquake, including the southern and south-eastern part of the Outer Carpathian Zone, has been analyzed. Some dislocations, located in the platform basement, which functioned as seismic energy amplifiers during the event, have been identified.The results obtained can be used in seismotectonic and microzoning studies.Paper presented at the 21st General Assembly of the European Seismological Commission, Sofia, 1988.  相似文献   

Hydrochemical variability associated with rainfall regime: a case study in the coastal wetland of the outer Río de la Plata Estuary,Argentina     

Eleonora S. Carol  Eduardo E. Kruse 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2016,75(10):907

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